Gender Differences In Aspects Of English Language Use

Sex Differences In Aspects Of English Language Use Language is to a great extent impacted by socialization, formed by molding and consistent fortification. At the point when guardians address kids they address young men and young ladies in various manners. When all is said in done, young ladies are dealt with all the more delicately and addressed all the more delicately. Young men are urged to play generally, to make a commotion and to be expressive, yet not to cry. Young ladies are urged to be less unruly and may cry yet not yell. They are disheartened from communicating outrage. For young men, conduct desires are strengthened with articulations like You toss like a young lady, and Big young men dont cry. As kids create, these distinctions start to show all the more obviously in language. They become some portion of the correspondence style that is there forever. As per Mayor, B (1996, page 64), as they develop young ladies and young men progressively separate their language use to mirror their sex jobs. Young ladies utilize more circuitous language than young men, and are bound to adjust their discourse styles in differing settings. Investigations of childrens play conduct exhibit that young men are serious and fierce, and focus on the physical world, though young ladies are aberrant, shared and are keen on thought processes and emotions. (Maybin, 1996 page 19). As a rule, young men and men are emphatic, free and goal. Young ladies and ladies are compliant, needy and abstract. Obviously, there is a wide scope of correspondence styles and practices inside every sexual orientation gathering, with most people utilizing different discussion styles relying upon the reason and setting, and furthermore whether they are in single sex gatherings. In blended organization ladies generally talk not as much as men, and are progressively neighborly. They are less serious and attempt to carry others into the discussion. This could be on the grounds that ladies are raised to be respectful to men. They are progressively reluctant and roundabout, utilize more label questions (isnt it? dont you figure?), progressively affable structures (might you be able to conceivably?) and by and large more fragile jargon (words like beautiful and Oh dear). (Maybin, 1996 page 19). Men then again, intrude on more and give less input and backing. In circumstances that require formal discussion, for example, at gatherings, conferences, or other blended sex social events, men will in general start a greater amount of the connection. The individuals who talk most are seen to be pioneers. (Coates, 1998, p.469). Among themselves, ladies will in general talk more. They show more worry for the social parts of discussion. In only male gatherings, men will in general spotlight more on exercises than on discussion (Coates, 1998, p.216). Obviously, these are summed up portrayals of conduct, and both genders can change their styles relying upon the specific situation. Maybin (1996, page 19) cites an investigation of court language wherein high-status, master female observers utilized manly styles, while lower status male observers utilized female style highlights. Dr. John Gray (creator of Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus) says that ladies impart for unexpected reasons in comparison to men do. At the point when men talk about issues, they are searching for arrangements, though when ladies examine issues they are sharing their emotions, since they locate this remedial. In this setting what ladies might want from men is compassion, and not arrangements. The table on the accompanying page shows clear contrasts in correspondence styles among people. Men Ladies They attempt to take care of issues and inconveniences They attempt to coordinate difficulties by relating comparable negative encounters They have a progressively logical way to deal with issues They have a progressively passionate way to deal with issues They are more averse to request help. They attempt to make sense of things all alone They are bound to request help and acknowledge it They are more errand arranged (i.e., What is everybody going to do?) They are more upkeep arranged (i.e., Is everybody good?) They show up less instinctive and less mindful of subtleties They show up progressively natural and increasingly mindful of subtleties They have more trouble in communicating cozy emotions They have less trouble in communicating close sentiments They are progressively well-suited to holler, yell and vow to discharge outrage They are increasingly able to cry to discharge outrage They talk increasingly about what they did, where they went and less about associations with others They talk progressively about how they feel and increasingly about associations with others They will in general think about verbal dismissal less literally They will in general think about verbal dismissal all the more literally (Glass, L. (1995) page 49). English has a characteristic sexual orientation, in contrast to numerous different dialects. (Obviously, it was not generally so; before 1154, Old English things despite everything utilized the Anglo-Saxon determined sexual orientations. (Bryson, B, 1990, page 49)). This implies words like lady, bovine, ewe, are female in light of their organic sex. Similarly, bull, kid and tomcat are manly. This regular sexual orientation alludes just to creatures and not to objects. Generally, certain callings obtained sexes: specialists, attorneys, legislators, designers, engineers and pastors were perpetually male. Attendants, babysitters and typists would in general be female. These days, these callings are effectively sexual orientation free. There are additionally words with male endings, for example, director, mailman and fire fighter, which presently have choices: executive, mailman and fireman. Concerning composing, ladies creators have would in general be under spoken to in many choices of abstract writings. Essayists, for example, the Brontã « sisters and Mary Anne Evans needed to receive male pen names (separately Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell, and George Elliot) even to get distributed. Aside from this sex based segregation, there is likewise a solid inclination among numerous journalists that the composed, artistic language itself was for such a long time a male save, that lady authors need their own saying. In Thomas Hardys Far from the Madding Crowd, the champion Bathsheba clarifies that It is hard for a lady to characterize her emotions in language which is primarily made by men to communicate theirs (Quoted in Menham, R. 1995, page 136). Menham likewise cites from Virginia Wolf, who claims for another sort of composing that will take the normal state of a womans thought without squashing or twisting it. In A room of Ones Own she says that the assets of the English language would be greatly put to the stretch, and entire trips of words would need to wing their path misguidedly into reality all together for female reasonableness to be sufficiently investigated. She additionally connects maleness with a sterile logic and the points of control and guideline, and femaleness with a fruitful indiscipline, immediacy, wealth, an imaginative irrationalism. (Menham, R (1995) page 137). Alluding to crafted by French scholar Hã ©lã ¨ne Cixous, Menham feels that her festival of womans composing impacts an extraordinary chronicled inversion of the conventional qualities and shortcomings of male and female language-use. It gives a positive incentive to absolutely those characteristics that men have consistently criticized in ladies: madness, absence of power, affectability. (Menham, R (1995) page 138.) Taking everything into account, there is no uncertainty that there are contrasts in English language use, both in discourse and composing, in light of sexual orientation. The vast majority of these appear to be because of socialization since the beginning. The extraordinary, customary sexual orientation jobs and desires shaded the manner in which youngsters were raised and instructed, and in numerous regards these impacts are still set up. Ideally, as present day social orders kill the generally fake generalizations of sexual orientation based jobs and practices, we will all have the option to encounter, and lucid, the full panoply of human passionate and scholarly experience, paying little heed to sex.

Gbmt Cilantro Cafe

Worldwide Business Environment 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Presentation and History Changed by the upset SWOT Vision Strategy and Implementation Reasons of progress Success of the correspondence technique The shrewd and creative procedures 7. Suggestion Introduction ? An Egyptian coffeehouse organization situated in Cairo. ? First present day culture café in Egypt. History 1999 2000 Two youthful Egyptian business people start to consider the possibility of Cilantro Cafe. Foundation of Delicious Inc. with â€Å"Cilantro† as an exchange name. Dispatch of the primary Cilantro Cafe. Inside 4 years, the organization opened 8 shops in Egypt.Rise of rivalry. 2004 2005 2008 January, 25th of 2011 End of 2011 El-Sewedy, an Egyptian neighborhood gathering, won the offer against Starbucks chain to make the obtaining of Cilantro. Start of the internationalization of the organization with the opening of the main outlet abroad in London, UK. Start of a well known uprising which turned into the Egypti an insurgency. The organization claims around 70 outlets in Egypt. Changed by the upset ? Splitting ceaselessly from the legislature ? Self Concepts ? Having a place with Egypt ? Cilantro Cafe gave qualities to client ? Information ? Wellbeing ConsciousnessTransition from nearby to Global procedure 1 2 Choice of nation for establishment Selection measures for franchisee Contract exchange 3 4 5 6 Operational arrangements Outlet Opening Continuous observing and input SWOT investigation †Internal Strengths ? Formation of the idea of a cutting edge culture bistro ? Enhanced clients ? Estimation of information and estimation of wellbeing awareness. ? Correspondence technique: separation while making include ? Worth included administrations. ? Great advertising group ? Support of the company’s key execution pointers SWOT investigation †Internal Weakness Hardly to control the establishment. ? Tedious for the progress from nearby to Global procedure SWOT investigation †External Opportunities ? Residential improvement ? A great deal of potential possibilities ? Egypt insurgency with the converge of Egypt 2. 0 whom new qualities plainly fitted with cilantro’s ones. SWOT investigation †External Threats ? Rising rivalry and worldwide contenders. ? The nation of-cause impacts and social imagery for an in ternational brand are basic ? Versatility to globalization Vision Delicious Inc. ? To assemble new and innovative food administration ideas ?Maintain and up-grade uniqueness in the items ? Situating of the brands Strategy ? Increment the brand acknowledgment ? Shield its home market by continually up-reviewing what is offered to clients ? Following top notch gauges and a one of a kind Cilantro Spirit. ? Become a significant contributing individual from its locale. Technique ? Offer a positive domain for its inward family while guaranteeing the drawn out business objectives. ? Give the â€Å"Cilantro Experience†. Execution ? Beautifi cations and formats of the outlets can give comfortable, present day and new air ? Offering an understanding corner and Online red book Providing solid, new and delicious decisions The keen and inventive technique ? I and U Models ? I-Model ? Utilizes the fare/deals proportion of a firm, which is said to mirror the reliance of the firm on universal markets ? Progressively reasonable for SMEs The shrewd and imaginative key ? I and U Models ? U-Model It expect that a firm bit by bit expands its Internationalization activities in stages, from the start beginning little and generally safe, developing experience steadily to take on bigger global jobs ? PESTEL ? Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal.Success of the correspondence system ? Diversifying division remains in ceaseless contact with the franchisee brand administrator and leads month to month normal review for every one of its outlets Main Reason of Success ? Uncommon change in the Egyptian café ide a ? Presented another class of relaxation in Egypt ? Post-insurgency ? Procedure of separation - Provide a one of a kind Cilantro soul Further underwrite ? Global Bank ? Issue Stocks ? Funding Recommendation ? A blend among I and U model is the most significant technique be cause it would give multi-dimensionality. The End.

Critical analysis of The National Council for Voluntary Case Study

Critical analysis of ''The National Council for Voluntary Case Study Strategy and Management Performance of the National Council for Voluntary Organisations â€" Case Study Example > In conducting its operations, NCVO has interacted with partnerships and community sectors a great deal. As stated earlier in the introduction, the NCVO’ s main aim is to provide assistance, information, resources and all kinds of support required by the civil societies in order to achieve their goals in the different communities that they serve. NCVO will come in as an overseer for these members. It will seek to harmonize the operations of these organizations and ensure co-ordination of its functions. It appreciates that for an organization to provide volunteer services to the communities, and then, of course, there has to be a lot to do with how respectable and presentable the organization presents itself to the people. In this regard, the NCVO aims at ensuring that these members are able to achieve this face in light of the diversity of the communities that they serve. In order for any of these organizations to be considered as members by the organization, they have to meet th e criteria that NCVO requires of them. As such the membership is voluntary. In working with these members, it will look at their values and this is what it will aim at upholding. It will be looking at the civil society agenda which is four-fold in that there is social cohesion, climate change, wellbeing, and financial security. An organization seeking to work with NCVO has to present their experiences in order for them to be heard, at the same time, they have to co-ordinate and work together with other organization s who are members, in this sense, the NCVO will be looking at which organization ha genuine and outstanding policies and as a result it automatically will be supported by NCVO. As stated earlier, the NCVO aims at providing access to information for its members and helping its members utilize this information in the best way possible, at the same time, it aims at promoting the values that the members propagate in their communities, it will uphold and encourage its member s when it comes to this too. At the same time, it will provide access to human resources and funding that the organizations may require. In this case, it will ensure that its members apply the best practices when it comes to the utilization of these resources.

Comparison Of Geert Hofstede s Six Dimensions Of Culture

Cultural Comparison and Contrast In today’s high tech global community, it is not uncommon to have companies in one country doing work with others clear across the world. It is important to keep in mind that understanding the role of culture, in the international business setting, is key to success and prosperity. It is essential and know that each nation has their own set of values and ways of interacting. For example, although the United States and China frequently do business together and are equally seen as leaders on the global market, they still have very apparent differences in cultural norms. These contrasting characteristics are grouped under Geert Hofstede’s six dimensions of culture. They include, the level of uncertainty avoidance, masculinity versus femininity, individualism versus collectivism, power distance, long-term versus short-term orientation, and indulgence versus restraint (Hofstede, 2001). Once one is able to properly distinguish cultural differences, can they then successfully communicate, thrive, and potentially lead in the global economy. Power Distance First, power distance measures the amount of layers there is between the entry level employee and the top tier managerial position. Typically, lower rankings indicate that the culture has a gradual hierarchy and less of a gap. Higher rates usually resemble a large discrepancy gauging the separation of employees and their employers. In the United States, power distance is fairly moderate at 40,Show MoreRelatedCross-Cultural Perspectives: Evaluating the Ethical and Social Responsibility of Software Outsourcing at Oracle1116 Words   |  4 Pagesperspective (Pratt, 2008). Exacerbating this ethical issue is the one of cultural variations being so significant with India compared to the U.S. and the costs associated ensuring cultural congruency (Miller, Anderson, 2004). In the vast differences of cultures there is ample opportunity for ethical lapses and for confidential data to be compromised (Rucker, 2003). Oracle Corporation has continued to move much of its core programming offshore t o India and Pakistan, moving entire departments and divisionsRead MoreCultural Dimensions, Business Practices And Business Etiquette2026 Words   |  9 PagesCultural Dimensions and using such measurement to compare the cultural values of Canada and the United States. It will look deeper into the cultural dimensions, business practices and business etiquette. This paper will also provide information of both countries and where they stand on the dimensions and the reason why. Hofstede decided that when two people interact with each other within an organization, culture characterizes their behavior and attitude towards others. 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It’s actually stated by Geert Hofstede and Michael Harris that â€Å"The Five Dragons [certain east Asian countries], as these countries are sometimes called, are heading the list, with average annual sustained-growth percentages over a 20-year period of 7.6% for Singapore, 7.2% for TaiwanRead MoreMultinational Companies And Managers Doing Business1910 Words   |  8 P ageswith a multitude of cultures from around the world. As corporate business continues the push toward expanding globalization in business, professionals must not only recognize the need to understand the market they are trying to move into but also the culture of the country they want conduct business in. This report will highlight key information for multinational companies and managers doing business in Italy and will cover some of the Italian business markets, a comparison with the United StatesRead MoreCase Study : Brown Casual Shoes Inc.1320 Words   |  6 Pagesaffect the business deal. 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Finally, future areas of possible research were identified that would assist in the removal of the ambiguities. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions US vs. India Geert Hofstede’sRead MoreGlobal Leadership And Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Research Project1204 Words   |  5 PagesCase study Ch 4: Tell the Kid?s We?re Moving to Kenya Student?s name: Date of submission: GLOBE stands for Global Leadership and organizational Behavior Effectiveness Research project a group of international social scientists and management scholars that study cross-cultural leadership. They have outlined six dimensions won which global leaders should have in their behaviors that acted as bases for leadership comparison. The units for measurement are performance orientation, assertivenessRead MoreA Research Carried Out By Geert Hofstede And His Colleagues, Identifying Study Procedures And Overall Outcomes1758 Words   |  8 Pagesaims to introduce the research carried out by Geert Hofstede and his colleagues, identifying study procedures and overall outcomes. It will also examine each of the seven dimensions individually and clearly detect primary comparisons and contrasts of this model. Key implications of each dimension will also be studied in relation to management of Multinational enterprises, introducing appropriate examples throughout. Geert Hofstede defines national culture as ‘the collective programming of the mind distinguishingRead MoreGeert Hofstede Manual Vsm943285 Words   |  14 PagesV S M 94 VALUES SURVEY MODULE 1994 MANUAL by Geert Hofstede MAY BE FREELY USED FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES FOR REPRODUCTION IN COMMERCIAL PUBLICATIONS, PERMISSION IS NEEDED Copyright ( Geert Hofstede BV hofstede@bart.nl Contents How to use and not to use the VSM 94 3 1. Formulas for index calculation

Islam Vs. Islamism Islamic Religion - 1169 Words

Islam vs. Islamism Since the terrorist attack on 9/11, people all around the world began to raise questions. Scholars, students and even average individuals began to analyze the Islamic religion as a whole. People questioned if the religion was based on peace or cruelty. The spread of Islam began after the death of Muhammad, the last Islamic prophet. Muhammad was born into the most elite tribe in Mecca. During his forty’s he began having visions which led him to search for clarity. It is said that Jibra’il appeared to him and instructed him to recite, â€Å"in the name of your lord†. This was the first of what created the basis of Islam’s holy book, the Qur’an. Islam soon became an ever expanding religion which rapidly spread from Spain to the west to the Indies. The word Islam is derived from the Arabic root, Selema, meaning peace, purity, submission and obedience. Islam means absolute submission to God and obedience to his law. In order to become a Muslim, one must be convinced that there is no God but Allah and that Muhammad is his prophet. They believe that the only way to obtain peace is through obeying Allah’s commands, which are written in the Qur’an, and trusting his wisdom. There are many concepts taught in the Qur’an; however, the most fundamental concept of Islam is tawhiid, belief in a monotheistic God, Allah. Muslims believe that Allah is the reason for the sky, moon, starts, natural world, grace/beauty of the human body, the human mind, alternation of day andShow MoreRelatedEssay about Religious Challenges to Constructing a Democratic Iraq3427 Words   |  14 Pagesof establishing a democracy in Iraq 3 History of Iraq 3 History of Islam 4 Tenets of Islam 6 History of democracy 7 Christianity and democracy 8 Tenets of democracy 9 Islamic thought vs. the keystones of a democracy 10 Can democracy take hold in an Islamic Iraq? 10 Conclusion 11 References 13 Abstract Islam has been Iraqs dominant religion for centuries. The religion plays an important part in every aspect of Iraqs society, to includeRead MoreThe Arab Spring Is A Term For A Series Of Protests, And Uprisings Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pagesauthoritarianism, there are â€Å"5 major reasons that authoritarian governments were able to survive in the Middle East for so long. These include (1) the maintenance of fiscal health, (2) successful maintenance of international support, (3) patrimonialism vs institutionalism, (4) lack of popular mobilization, and (5) the existence of a credible threat†. (Hoyle) In terms of high poverty and unemployment rates, it’s important to understand neoliberalism and how many Arab states implemented neoliberal economicRead MoreDemocracy Of The Islamic States ( Iran Vs Turkey1813 Words   |  8 PagesDemocracy in the Islamic States (Iran Vs Turkey) Democracy is a predominant authority regime that most countries both young and mature have adopted based on its accrued benefits. Defining democracy can be a daunting task as several countries may prefer to institute governing policies rather than adopt from other states (Rowley Smith, 2009). The element of incorporating modified aspects of democracy is based on the difference in several factors that may range from religion, culture, to politicalRead More Ideology of Fundamentalist Islam Explained Essay5434 Words   |  22 PagesIntroduction: This essay concerns itself with exploring the Islamic and political orientation of Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966), an Egyptian civil servant turned political and religious activist, inspired by fundamentalist Islam. To gain an understanding of what influenced and formulated Qutb’s ideas it has been necessary to provide some background information relating the history of modern day Egypt and the emergence of reformist and fundamentalist Islam, from the 19th century until Qutb’s time. The essay alsoRead MoreSources of Ethics20199 Words   |  81 PagesSOURCES OF ETHICS: 6 1- Religion: 6 2- Genetic Inheritance: 8 3- Philosophical Systems: 8 4- Cultural Experience: 8 5- The Legal System: 9 6- Codes of Conduct: 9 2.0- EXPLANATION OF THE SOURCES OF ETHICS: 10 2.1- RELIGION: 10 Teaching business ethics 12 2.11- Impact Of Religiosity: 13 2.12- Ethics Of Islam: 14 Nature of Islamic Ethics 17 The Human-Environment Relationship: 20 The Sustainable Care of Nature: 22 The Practice of Islamic Environmental Ethics:

Kent V. United States Free Essays

Regarded as the first major juvenile rights case to preface further juvenile court reforms, Kent v. United States established the universal precedents of requiring waiver hearings before juveniles could be transferred to the jurisdiction of a criminal court and juveniles being entitled to consult with counsel prior to and during such hearings. Morris A. We will write a custom essay sample on Kent V. United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kent, Jr. , first came under the authority of the Juvenile Court of the District of Columbia in 1959. He was then aged 14. He was apprehended as a result of several housebreakings and an attempted purse snatching. He was placed on probation, in the custody of his mother, who had been separated from her husband since Kent was two years old. Juvenile Court officials interviewed Kent from time to time during the probation period, and accumulated a â€Å"Social Service† file. On September 2, 1961, an intruder entered the apartment of a woman in the District of Columbia. He took her wallet. He raped her. The police found in the apartment latent fingerprints. They were developed and processed. They matched the fingerprints of Morris Kent, taken when he was 14 years old and under the jurisdiction of the Juvenile Court. At about 3 p. m. on September 5, 1961, Kent was taken into custody by the police. Kent was then 16, and therefore subject to the â€Å"exclusive jurisdiction† of the Juvenile Court. He was still on probation to that court as a result of the 1959 proceedings. Kent was detained on a Receiving Home for one week. During that period, there was no arraignment and no determination by a judicial officer of the probable cause for Kent’s arrest. His attorney filed a motion with the juvenile court opposing the waiver as well as a request to inspect records relating to Kent’s previous offenses. A psychiatric examination of Kent was arranged by his attorney. His attorney argued that because his client was â€Å"a victim of severe psychopathology† it would be in Kent’s best interest to remain within the juvenile courts jurisdiction where he could receive adequate treatment. The juvenile court judge failed to rule on any of Kent’s attorney’s motions. He also failed to confer with Kent’s attorney and/or parents. Then the juvenile courts judge declared that â€Å"after full investigation, I do hereby waive† jurisdiction of Kent and direct that he be held for trial for the offenses . He offered no findings, nor did he recite any reason for the waiver or make mention of Kent’s attorney’s motions. Kent was later found guilty on six counts of housebreaking by federal jury, although the jury found him â€Å"not guilty by reason of insanity† on the rape charges. Because of DC law, it was mandatory that Kent be sent to a mental institution until such time as his sanity is restored. Kent’s sentence was 5 to 15 years or a total of 30 to 90 years in prison. His mental institution commitment would be counted as time served against the 30 to 90 years sentence. Kent’s conviction was reversed by a vote 5-4. This is significant, because it signified a subtle shift in Supreme Court sentiment relating to juvenile rights. It is also significant that the Supreme Court stressed the phrase â€Å"critically important† when referring to the absence of counsel and waiver hearing, respectively. Because of Kent’s decision, waiver hearings are now critical stages. Regarding the effective assistance of counsel, this was also regarded by the court as a â€Å"critically important† decision. They observed that the right to representation by counsel is not a formality. It is not a grudging gesture to a ritualistic requirement. It is of the essence of justice†¦. Appointment of counsel without affording an opportunity of a hearing on a â€Å"Critically important† decision is tantamount to a denial of counsel (383 U. S. at 561) How to cite Kent V. United States, Papers

Understand Health and Social care in settings free essay sample

Understand Health and Safety in Social Care Settings 8Understand how to promote environmental safety procedures in the social care setting 8. 4Explain the importance of having an emergency plan in place to deal with unforeseen incidents Having an emergency plan in place, helps people to deal with things in an emergency. It lays out what should be done and how things should be handled. The idea behind an emergency plan is to meet specific needs. In the event of a fire or gas leak, it lays out exactly what needs to be done to handle the situation. It provides strategies and ways to handle. For example, in the event of a fire, it would outline what procedure to follow. This can include how to raise the alarm, how to handle the situation and who and when to contact people. It would also outline who is in charge of the certain situation, for example, who is in charge of fire safety. We will write a custom essay sample on Understand Health and Social care in settings or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An emergency plan has reporting measures. This is useful in reporting back findings and assessing situations and how they could be handled differently or improved on. In the event of an emergency, an emergency plan establishes authority. It lays out who should be doing what and who needs to take charge of the whole situation. Everybody knows exactly what to do, where to be and there is no confusion. The plan includes emergency evacuation routes. This is crucial in health and safety as it ensures that all involved are able to find the quickest and safest way of leaving the building. This can help to reduce injury and save lives. An emergency plan enables training opportunities. It can identify who is trained, who needs training and any additional training that may be needed to handle such emergencies. An emergency plan also enables co-ordination with other agencies. It enables the company and outside agencies to work together to ensure that training is all up-to-date and should there be an unforeseen circumstance, all persons involved know what to do. It ensures that the Company is able to handle such situations and that they are doing everything they can to prevent such incidents. This can show that the Company has Fire Safety checks in place and up to date for example. Emergency plans are paramount in dealing with incidents and unforeseen circumstances should they occur. They ensure that all involved know what to do and how to handle things. It can help reduce injury and save lives. It keeps people up-to-date with training and raises awareness. 9Understand how to manage stress 9. 1Describe common signs and indicators of stress Stress in a normal physical response to events or happenings that make you feel threatened or unbalanced in one way or another. When the body senses danger, whether it is real or imagined, the body kicks into action and creates as an automatic response known as the stress response. The stress response is the body’s way of protecting you. When it is working properly, it enables you to stay balanced, focused and alert. Sometimes the stress response can save your life; it is the body’s way of dealing with things quickly. Although stress can help your body, after a certain point, it can start causing major damage to your health. Stress affects your quality of life and mood. There are a number of signs and symptoms to stress that you need to look out for and can include the following; 1. Cognitive Symptoms Memory Problems – Stress can cause you to forget things. The body worries that much about what is happening or what needs to be done that it can cause memory problems. Inability to concentrate – There is that much playing on the mind that stress can cause the body to have an inability to concentrate. There is lack of focus in life and this can be the body’s way of recognising this. Poor judgement – Stress can cause you to make inappropriate judgements and handle things in a different way. Seeing only the negative – The stress that you are experiencing can cause lack of motivation and energy. Sometimes people feel that there is no way forward and they can only see negative things happening to them or around them. Anxious thoughts – The body feels that there is so much going on and may not be able to cope with what is happening. This causes you to become restless and anxious. Constant worrying – Stress can cause over load on the body and this in turn can cause the body to find it hard to handle things. You start to constantly worry about what is happening and what is going to happen. 2. Emotional Symptoms Moodiness – People handle stress in different ways. Stress and the changes in the body can cause you to have mood swings that you find difficult to control. Agitation – This can be the bodies’ way of dealing with stress. As things are happening and changing around you, it can cause you to become agitated. Feeling overwhelmed – This can be caused be stress. There is so much happening and going on around you, that you may feel things are becoming too much. You may feel that things are out of your hands and you do not know what to do. Sense of isolation – Stress can cause you to isolate yourself off from others and your surroundings. You do not know how to handle things that you cut yourself off from the outside world and become isolated. Depression – Depression can be very serious, and left untreated can cause suicidal thoughts. You can become that stressed; you become low in mood and cannot see any way out. 3. Physical Symptoms Aches and pains – The body can become tired from stress and as a result you become run down. The body has general aches and pains. Many people may not associate this with stress but it is something to look out for. Nausea and Diarrhoea – Nausea or sickness and diarrhoea can be a common sign of stress. The body becomes run down and drained and this is the body’s way of coping. Left untreated, this can be serious for the body. Chest pain – Chest pain can be a physical symptom of stress and can be quite serious if ignored and left untreated. The amount of stress the body is enduring becomes too much and this is the bodies way of coping with it. Frequent colds – Frequent colds can be a sign that the body is run down and this can be a cause of stress. Again, this is something that some people may not associate with stress but it is something to look out for. 4. Behavioural Symptoms Eating more or less – One way of dealing with stress is to over eat or under eat. When people become stressed some people indulge on extra foods that they enjoy for comfort. Others, on the other hand, may find themselves under eating to help cope with stress. Sleeping too much or too little – Stress can take the energy out of the body and therefore make you want to sleep more. Also, because you have so much playing on your mind, it can cause lack of sleep due to worry. Isolation yourself from others – By isolating yourself from others, you are at a greater vulnerability to stress. However, stress can cause you to isolate yourself from others because you start to feel so low. Neglecting responsibilities – Stress can make people feel that low and they can lack motivation and energy. This in the long run can cause them to start neglecting the responsibilities. Using alcohol or drugs – Some people can turn to alcohol, cigarettes or drugs. This can help the body to relax, but over-use can cause more damage to the body in the long run. Nervous habits – Stress can cause you to start certain habits. This can include for example, nail biting or pacing up and down. All signs and symptoms can be serious and need to be checked out. A visit to your General Practitioner is advised for a check-up and for reassurance. However, one thing to remember is that everyone deals with stress in different ways. 9. 2Describe factors that tend to trigger own stress The situations and pressures that cause stress can be known as stressors. Stressors are commonly known as negative factors such as a tiring work schedule or financial problems. However, anything that puts high demand on the body and forces the body to change or adjust can be stressful. There are positive factors in life that can also cause stress and an example of this could be getting married or buying a house. Stress can be caused by both internal and external factors. External factors are commonly known as the things that we can see that we have no control over. Internal factors are commonly known as factors that are self-generated. This can be as a result of worrying over something that may or may not happen. What causes stress depends on the way in which we handle things. Everybody handles stress in different ways and no two people are the same. Whereas one person may find that having to queue is stressful, another person may feel that it can be quite relaxing as it gives you time to think. There are a number of factors that trigger stress and can include the following; ? Major life changes – The body gets into a routine when we carry out everyday tasks and jobs. We get used to things that we have to do. Major life changes can cause the body to go into shock and can cause stress. You may feel such situation difficult to handle and not know what to do. Examples of major life changes can include injury, illness or bereavement. The body goes into shock as this is the body’s way of dealing with such situation. ?Work Factors – You get into a routine at work and know how to handle things. A change in routine or pressures to meet work targets can cause stress. You may not know how to handle a situation or are unsure about carrying out a certain task. The body becomes stressed and you may not know what to do. One situation that I have found that can cause stress at work is dealing with difficult situations. In the event of an emergency bell going, the body kicks into action and you can become stressed. It can be a result as of change in situation or even the case that you feel things should be done differently. Stress can be handled in different ways and it is learning what is best for you. ?Relationship difficulties or family problems – Family can be a common cause of stress. A breakdown in relationship or arguments can cause stress. The body does not know how to handle situations and becomes stressed. Something may not be going the way you want, or someone maybe doing something that you disagree with. The body becomes stressed and can cause more problems as makes the situation more difficult to deal with. ?Financial problems – Money can be a big factor where stress is concerned. Earning too little or big bills can cause stress. You may feel that you are doing everything you can, but you are still not able to get on top of things. ?Being too busy – Work over-load or taking on too much responsibility can trigger stress. You may find there is not enough time to do things or not enough hours in the day. Stress becomes a factor and everything starts to become too much. 9. 3Evaluate strategies for managing stress Everybody has different ways of dealing with stress. Although one method of coping with stress may work for one person, it may not work for another. It is about finding what is best for you and using methods that are best suited to you and your lifestyle. If one way does not work for you, move on to a different way and find the method that works best. It can be said that it is about trial and error. You are the only person that can do something about your stress levels, from changing your lifestyle to asking for help and support. Physical Strategies – what you feel You need to maintain good sleeping patterns. Maintaining proper sleep can help you to cope with stress. Lack of sleep over a long period of time can cause depressions. When you are tired and run down, stress affects you more. You need to watch your diet. Caffeine intake can raise your stress levels considerably. A well balanced diet can improve your ability to cope with stress. An exercise program is a good way of managing stress. If you are in good physical shape, you are better able to tolerate stress. Through exercise, you are able to re-focus your attention and release stress and tension. Perceptual Strategies – what you see Diverse tactics are a good way of managing stress. When you feel yourself becoming stressed and uptight, diverse your attention elsewhere. This could include anything from hobbies to a favourite television program. In order to manage stress, you need to be able to focus your attention. You need to learn to ignore what is making you become uptight and focus on what is relaxing. Focus on things that make you happy and comfortable. Cognitive Strategies – what you think You need to stop trying to make yourself perfect. Although everyone wants to be the best that they can, you are who you are. By wanting to make yourself perfect, you are almost asking the impossible. You are going to raise your stress levels and make yourself something that you are not. It is about treating yourself to the things that you know you like and enjoying them. This can be anything from sweet treats, to hobby time or even time away. It is about making the most of the time you have. Stress and managing stress can also be related to self appraisal. You need to learn to think differently about things and evaluate the situation. Were there things that could have been done differently? Could you have used your time differently? Did it make you happy? Using self appraisal can help to reduce stress levels by managing you and your time differently. Affective Strategies – how you feel You need to be able to enjoy your life and those around you. It is about taking time out for yourself and doing the things that you enjoy. If you do not feel happy around people, try and make new friends. You need to be able to express your feelings openly. If you need to cry, cry and if you need to laugh, laugh. Do not keep feelings and emotions inside as this can help to increase your stress levels immensely. It is about managing your emotions and how you feel. Try not to take life too seriously and enjoy the good times! Environmental Strategies – what is around you In order to manage stress, you need to take time out from stressful situations. You need to engage yourself in things that you find relaxing and take time out for yourself. You need to keep yourself calm and focused in order to help manage stress levels. You need to try and avoid situations where possible, that make you stressed or anxious. I find myself that avoiding big crowds of people can sometimes help to relieve stress levels. You need to make the most of support around you. Ask for help from friends and families to help you through tough times. Asking for help does not mean that you have admitted defeat; it means that you are trying to make the better of something and improve upon your situation. 10Understand procedures regarding handling medication 10. 1Describe the main points of agreed procedures about handling medication There are acts that cover handling of medication that Companies need to adhere to keep in line with national policies and procedures. Outcome 9 of the Health and Social Care Act 2008 covers handling medication. The Management of Medicines Regulation 13 covers what companies should be doing to handle medication correctly. It ensures that service users will have their medicines at the times that they need them and in a safe way. Wherever possible, it ensures that all information regarding these medications is made available to service users at all times. It also covers where others are acting on a service user’s behalf. Such Outcome ensures that the company who complies with the regulation will handle medicines securely, safely and appropriately. It will ensure that all medicines and prescribed and are given safely. It will also ensure that Companies will follow published guidelines about how to use medicines safely. Handling Medicines in Social Care Settings Guidance 2007 covers the correct handling of medication. The purpose of this document is to provide professional guidance for people who are involved in handling medicines in every social care setting. The guidance given is based on good practice and current legislation. The Guidance ensures that every registered provider, such as a care home, and the care service manager are jointly responsible for the safe and appropriate handling of all medicines in the setting. It ensures that the company has written policies and procedures in place for all aspects of handling medication. It ensures that the registered care homes have competent and trained care workers administering and handling medication at all times. Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain – Main points for handling medication – This is a booklet for social care settings. The purpose of the booklet is to provide guidance for people in social care who are involved with the handling of medications. Social care settings can check local regulations and legislation at any time. The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain outlines situations that may arise from handling medications. It outlines principles of safe handling of medication and explains how such principles relate to specific services. It outlines procedures and methods that work in line with best practice and represents good professional practice. Medication in a social care setting is the responsibility of trained Nurses. Staff do not have any responsibilities for medication unless they have received adequate training. As an NVQ Level 2 or 3 Carer, you cannot handle or administer medication without the appropriate training. Care providers are responsible for assessing a Care Worker’s competence to give medicines to the people that they care for. They should not make assumptions based on that care worker’s previous experience. Even when care staff do not routinely give medicines, it is important to know; †¢Whether the person has any medicines †¢What the medicines are and how they should be taken †¢What conditions the medicines are intended to treat. Agreed Procedures for handling medication Obtaining – This must be done by a responsible person (normally the trained nurse) working within locally defined protocols. There are three main groups of medication as defined by the Medicines Act 1968 and these are; †¢General Sale List (GSL) These medicines can be purchased from any shop. †¢Pharmacy Only (PO) These medicines can only be purchased from a pharmacy. †¢Prescription Only Medicines (POM) These medicines can only be obtained with a prescription. In care and domiciliary settings many medication orders will be repeat prescriptions. Obtaining the correct medication for individuals will be the responsibility of the trained nurse. It will be their responsibility to ensure that dosages match with the prescriptions. Storing – All medication needs to be stored in a clean, lockable, secure facility so that they cannot be mixed up with other people’s medicines and cannot be stolen. If a drug’s trolley is used, it must be secured to the wall when not in use and be big enough to store all required medication. The keys should be stored in a safe place or on the trained nurse, and not be left lying around. Administering – All organisations should have in place their own local policies and procedures for the safe administration of medication for that particular care setting. ‘Safe administration’ is defined as medicines given in such a way as to avoid causing harm to the person taking the medicine. Medicines must never be removed from their original containers or bottles in which they were dispensed by the pharmacist. Staff must always follow set procedures within their care settings and adhere to the main principals of safe administration. In many social care settings this will be the responsibility of the trained nurse and you will not administer any medication to individuals. In order to administer medication correctly, the trained nurse needs to; †¢Identify the medication correctly †¢Administer the correct dosage †¢Identify the person correctly †¢Know what the medicine is intended to do †¢Know whether any special precautions are needed Medicine must only be dispensed from its original container at the time of administration for the person for whom it is intended. It must never be decanted into another container or given to someone at a later time. Recording – Medicines are the property of the service user for whom they are prescribed, however, providers are required to keep records of medicine used by service users, ensure that there are regular reviews of medication being taken by service users and a record kept within the service user’s care/support plan. All medication records should be referenced back to the original prescription and not the previous Medicine Administration Record (MAR) chart. An up to date record of current medication prescribed for each service user must be maintained. Medicine records should be kept together in one place. MAR charts need to be completed at the time of administering medication. 10. 2Explain why medication must only be handled following specialist training Medication errors happen, but when they do it is important that there is a ‘no blame’ policy that encourages staff to report errors immediately. An error in the administration of a medicine can be at best inconvenient or at worse fatal. Common medications errors include the following; †¢Under administration By ensuring that you have specialist training in administering medication, you are reducing the likelihood of under administration. The administration of medication needs to tally with the dosage. Insufficient training may mean that not enough medication is given. The dosage is too low and thus will not be treating the service user in the appropriate way. †¢Over administration By ensuring that you have specialist training in administering medication, you are reducing the likelihood of over administration. The administration of medication needs to tally with the dosage. Insufficient training may mean that too much medication is given. The dosage is too high or too strong and thus will not be treating the service user in the appropriate way. This can have serious implications on the service user’s health and medical advice should be sought immediately. †¢Incorrect medication – Should medication be administered by people that have not had specialist training; you run the risk of administering the incorrect medication. You may not know how to identify the correct medication. By administering after specialist training, you are ensuring that the correct medication is given and matches up with the patient’s records. †¢Incorrect prescription By ensuring that you have specialist training in administering medication, you are reducing the likelihood of an incorrect prescription. The prescription may not match with the medication. Specialist training can help to identify such issues and ensure that you know how to go about dealing with them. †¢Non administration By ensuring that you have specialist training in administering medication, you are reducing the likelihood of non administration. By having insufficient training, you may not know when and how to administer medication and thus likely to miss administering. †¢Non recording – Should medication be administered by people that have not had specialist training, you may not know how to record medicines in the correct way. Such specialist training will ensure that you know how to read and complete the MAR chart correctly. It ensures that all medication is recorded in the correct way to adhere to local and national policies and procedures. †¢Administration of a wrong medicine to a wrong service user By ensuring that you have specialist training in administering medication, you are reducing the likelihood of administering the wrong medicine to the wrong service user. You need to be able to identify the correct service user and administer the correct medication. Incorrect or insufficient training can result in the wrong medication being given. †¢Administration at wrong time – By ensuring that you have specialist training in administering medication, you are reducing the likelihood of administering at the wrong time. Certain medications need to be given at certain times. This will be recorded on the medication and on the MAR chart. Such training ensures you know how to check and follow when medication needs to be given. All of the above points can also be the result of someone being inadequately trained. By ensuring that the trained nurse is responsible for the medicines, you are putting the welfare of the individuals’ first. It prevents such errors occurring and thus putting individual’s at risk. 10. 3Explain the consequences of handling medication without specialist training Handling medication without training is illegal and does not follow company protocol. Through lack of training, you run the risk of administering incorrect medicine and dosage. At its best, this can be inconvenient for the Company and the service user. At its worst, this can prove fatal for the service user or can create serious adverse effects. Through specialist training, you are taught how to record the administration of medication. Without such training, you are running the risk of not recording and not knowing how to record medication. This can have serious consequences. The next person to administer medication may not know they have previously had some if it is not recorded. This can result in an over dose for the service user and can have serious implications. At its worst, this can result in death. Through lack of training, you may not know about medications and their dosage. You may also not be aware of side effects and adverse reactions. Such implications can result in further illness. It can cause the service user’s health to deteriorate and can have long term health effects. Worst case scenario is that it can result in death. Insufficient training puts the safety and welfare of the service users at risk. They are in your care, and their health and well-being needs to be paramount at all times. Also, through inconsistency and lack of training, service user’s confidence can be affected. It can be said that they are putting their lives in your hands. They need to know that you are competent and knowledgeable in what you are doing. They need to know that they can trust you and that you know what you are doing. Lack of training can result in service user’s not trusting you to give them their medication. This can have serious implications on their health and is it means that are not being treated appropriately and can make health conditions worse. By administering medication without lack of training, you are not complying with the Care Quality Commission (CQC) essential standards of quality and safety. You are also not complying with Company policies and procedures. You are risking your career and job. Through the company, you can face disciplinary action which can lead to dismissal. Through the Care Quality Commission you can face prosecution and losing your pin so that you are unable to work as a Nurse again. The consequences of handling medication without specialist training are huge and can have life changing results. To handle and administer medication, you need to ensure that you are appropriately trained and following company and national protocol. You can cause serious health implications and even death to others, and can face loss of job or prosecution yourself.