Burial Ceremonialism Essays - Recent African Origin Of Modern Humans

Burial Ceremonialism Throughout the course of human history, anthropological findings have assisted archeologists in creating an excellent archeological record. Findings such as burial ceremonialism and certain behaviors that accompany this humanlike ritual are factors that may aid archeologists in the creation of past records. Through the ritual of burial ceremonialism of our ancestors we are able to determine certain behaviors that may have been expressed by the participants. Such examples are our ancestors' view of death, its significance, and the mere fact that they exhibited humanlike practices. Thus, helping determine how similar they may have been to us. Archeologists have determined that the first group of ancestors to show any type of ritual burial ceremonialism was the Neandertals. "At sites such as Le Moustier, La Chapelle-aux-Saints, and La Ferrassie in France; Teshik-Tash in Uzbekistan; Shanindar in Iraq; and Amud, Tabun, and Kebara in Israel, there is evidence that shows that the Neandertals buried their dead in the ground" (175). It would have been much easier for the Neandertals to discard of their dead by ignoring it or leaving it in the woods or forest to be decomposed by natural processes and scavenging animals. This would then have shown that the Neandertals did not recognize the significance of death, but instead, Neandertals took it upon themselves to ceremonially bury their dead. Not only were the dead buried in the ground, but a certain position was assumed, which consisted of a flexed form in which their knees were drawn up to their chest and their arms bend in an upward position (175). One postulate as to why the Neandertals used this position was to "mimic the position of the fetus in the womb, which may have been used to symbolize death as the end of the circle of life (176)." Other forms have been found as well. An example of this is a skeleton of a Neandertal male, which was found in Kebara Cave in Israel. "This skeleton was intentionally buried, having been laid on his back in an east-west orientation, his head facing west" (182). Excavators found that his right arm was laid across his chest and his left arm on his stomach. Throughout the cave, animal bones showed evidence of gnawing by carnivorous animals, but the skeleton on the other hand showed no evidence of such damage what so ever. This lead excavators to believe that he was buried there by companions of some sort. It was completely intact with the exception of a missing cranium, which to this day still remains a mystery. This skeleton further proves to archeologists that our Neandertal ancestors recognized the significance of death. In addition to the fact that Neandertals recognized the significance of death, the skeleton provided additional insight into their culture. The Kebara skeleton, located in Kebara Cave in Israel, provided information to archeologists that Neandertals possessed the ability to speak due to a certain position of the hyoid bone in the throat. Excavators also found that the pelvic inlet size of a Neandertal differs from that of a modern day human. Before this finding in Kebara Cave, it was believed that the gestation period of a Neandertal female was greater than that of a modern human female, due to the different sizes of children at the same age. This is now known to be incorrect. "So the relatively large size of Neandertal children when compared to anatomically modern children of the same age is probably related to accelerated development after birth, not faster or longer parental development" (181). An additional behavior that has been recognized of the Neandertals is that they have many humanlike practices, one such ritual is that of ceremonial burials. Through this behavior, it has been found that Neandertals possessed the ability to show and feel compassion.. "The best, though not only, example comes from the skeleton of an adult male found in Shanidar Cave in Iraq" (174). In this cave, an individual was found that had experienced an incredible deal of trauma, consisting of severe damage to the left side of his head in which the eye socket had been impaired to the point of probable blindness. His right arm was smashed and partially amputated and his right leg showed signs of disease. Despite all this, the skeleton of this Neandertal man showed that he led quite an eventful life because of the amount of stress fractures in his bones. The only possible way for him to survive would have been with a great deal of help and understanding of his situation from his companions. Another example that

File Sharing essays

File Sharing essays Dont take something that doesnt belong to you. A common sentence many parents tell their children as theyre growing up. At that young age, usually the punishment was a timeout or something taken away. Yet we grow older, and thus the punishment is worse. Its now called stealing, and as they say, you do the crime, you pay the time. Stealing by law is illegal, so then I ask, well if thats the case, why do we have such a thing as file sharing. WWW..the first three letters on a website. The world wide web, and truly it is, the worldwide web. File sharing has most likely been around since the internet was, but back then it wasnt seen as too much of a threat, for only a few knew about it. Today though, millions turn on the computer and file share. So you ask, well how do we stop this. But to respond, I say, there is no way to stop it..all efforts are a waste of time and money, for the more you try to stop it, the more people will find a way against it. ****In the past year or so, the RIAA has tried to file lawsuits against those who illegally trade files on the internet. Though this may be true, why do we still have as many file shares out there today. According to the RIAA some 61 million people in just the US regularly share music online. In general the P2P (peer to peer) activity has not diminished. P2p traffic is likely to stay around and grow in the future. While the RIAA tries to stop this activity with its numerous lawsuits, one has to ask the question, how can they fairly sue people for their activities, and is their a way to guarantee all violators are prosecuted? Well no, there isnt. It will always be an unfair business, those trying to sue against file sharers. There is no way to guarantee the fairness of this. Too many people file share and will continue to file share. As long as there is internet service, we will have filesharing. *****Many say that money is lost in the music indus...

Hydrology hw 9 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hydrology hw 9 - Assignment Example High precipitation results into high surface runoffs which instantaneously increase the streams volume causing floods downstream, the data is generated using long- range radar systems and used to give Early warning systems on floods. Besides, there is also data on climate change and air quality over time and scale in the entire United States which determines the weather patterns. Describe what's available meteorological/hydrological information you have observed from the website at USGS’ Surface Water Information Pages: http://water.usgs.gov/osw/ The site provides data on surface water systems including the river systems, lakes, dams and other related surface water storage systems. This data (R.G. Wetzel & G.E. Likens) II used in analyzing the various surface characteristics such as surface water flows, surface water storages, and its effects on the human and natural environments. There are also data on the threatened and discontinued stream gages due to reasons. There is also information on stream flow measurements using various methods. This is very important in relaying accurate observations and prediction on stream characteristics such as changes in stream volumes, stream discharge, stream composition and velocity. Besides, there is information on climate change and changes in the global atmospheric systems used in making accurate prediction of the global water patterns, both atmospheric water systems, underground water systems as well as the surface water systems. Describe what you learned about both subjects on â€Å"Areal Precipitation Estimation† and â€Å"Hydrologic Loses: Initial Loss and Hydrologic Abstraction† The lesson on areal precipitation estimation is very important on a practical basis as it is very important in determining the surface water bud get. This can for the base line in relating water uses to water availability in different parts of the world. An estimate of the balance between the losses and inlets is a derivat ion for the surface water budget. What are bare, wet HSG’s minimum infiltration rates and other four infiltration estimate methods introduced in the class? Bare, wet HSG infiltration is one of the methods used in estimating infiltration rates referring to the mode of infiltration which takes place after the bare ground overland soil after thorough wetting. HSG is not determined by any other factor such as the effects of vegetation, land use types, ground conditions, slope angle, type of bedrocks among others. HSG however, varies from soil to soil depending on the soil characteristics in each case i.e. highest in loose sandy soils and lowest in clays. Infiltration estimation methods discussed in this class include the use of the Empirical Method: SCS (NRCS) Runoff Curve Number (CN). The curve number CN, is a function of five major variables including: function of land use, cover, soil classification, hydrologic conditions and antecedent runoff conditions. The equation is as sh own; where Q is runoff, P is rainfall, a is initial abstraction, S is potential maximum retention after run off begins, and CN is the curve number, percent of runoff. Holtan Equation, also known as Horton’s infiltration capacity estimation, is another method of estimating infiltration rates. The equation is; f = GI A Sab + fc Where â€Å"

Lockheed Martin Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lockheed Martin Corporation - Essay Example Ethics in sustainability, good citizenship, and asset responsibility are fundamental ethical standards that the corporation’ marketing team can use in convincing customers (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel, 2012). Ethical standards set by Lockheed Martin are among key aspects that help the company in luring large markets that it controls across the globe. Most of their ethical standards are elements that form good marketing gears for the marketing team. To acquirer long-term and continual market survival, the business must maintain high ethical standards. Tough rules on ethics are a good indication of competence and high standards of service provision.Lockheed Martin products face stiff competition from some of the major players in the aerospace industry such as Boeing. The only advantage that Lockheed Martin enjoys is customer confidence, even though Boeing also has its loyal customers (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel, 2012). The competing companies, in many cases, violate their set ethics to com pete favorably. Although violation of ethics may be beneficial in the short run, it affects the continuous customer loyalty.

Discuss, analyze, and evaluate Robert Frank's famous photo- New Oleans Research Paper

Discuss, analyze, and evaluate Robert Frank's famous photo- New Oleans - Research Paper Example ty, he happened to show the photographs to a writer named Jack Keruoac, who immediately agreed to give him a good write up in response to his photographic works. From then on, there was no turning back as he embarked on a fruitful an interesting journey of success. One of his most successful photographs was titled â€Å"New Orleans† that Frank clicked while he was on one of his holiday trips with his family. All through the journey he had taken out many photographs, in fact about 27,000 thousand of them of which the photograph titled ‘New Orleans’ was one. From these photographs Frank chose 83 images for a vote which he published in 1958 and titled ‘Les Americains.’ All of Frank’s photographs speak volumes as each character seems so lifelike and filled with emotion. This famous photograph that was titled â€Å"New Orleans† was one that has stood the test of time, just for the sheer way in which it was captured. The photograph portrays an acute consciousness of the prevailing conditions in America when discrimination and segregation were at its peak. Frank’s camera explicitly captures the essence of a segregated trolley car of New Orleans, which shows its passengers seated one behind the oth er. The passengers were five in number comprising of three white individuals and two who were black. The photograph speaks for itself because as soon as you cast eyes on it, you could easily make out the social injustice with which the black population was treated. This particular photograph is filled with melancholic meaning and evokes a sense of sincerity and truth of what America was during the 50’s. This photograph is one of Frank’s most popular ones and finds its honorable place in most of the exhibitions around the world. During the editing of the photographs for the book ‘The Americans’, he placed two of his best images together placing them on the same negatives. These photographs were â€Å"Canal Street - New Orleans  " and the shot was a reverse angle

Qualitative Research Methods in Organisations

Qualitative Research Methods in Organisations Provide a justification for qualitative research in organisations Qualitative research is a field of inquiry in its own right. It crosscuts disciplines, fields and subject matters. A complex, interconnected family of terms, concepts, and assumptions surround the term qualitative research. These include the traditions associated with foundationalism, positivism, postfoundationalism, postpositivism, poststructuralism, and the many qualitative research perspectives, and/or methods connected to cultural and interpretive studies. (Denzin and Lincoln, 2000:2) qualitative researchers can access fascinating data by observing mundane settings or by finding everyday features in extraordinary settings. (Silverman, 2007:37) This essay provides a justification for the use of qualitative research methods in organisations. In the past, qualitative research methods have always been sidelined and quantitative research methods have been preferred for undertaking organisational research. One of the reasons for this is that qualitative research is always influenced by the researchers personal disposition. According to Creswell, Qualitative Research is a form of interpretive inquiry in which researchers make an interpretation of what they see, hear, and understand. Their interpretations cannot be separated from their own backgrounds, history, contexts, and prior understandings. (Creswell, 2009:176) Another reason for this is given by Silverman when he says that Policy makers and managers have been pushed away from ethnographic research because it takes a relatively long time to complete and appears to use unrepresentative samples. Even though some ethnographers are able to produce powerful arguments about what c an be read from a single, well researched, case, others muddy the waters by political posturing and by suggesting that they want no truck with conventional scientific standards. (Silverman, 2007:86) The pull of quantitative research for organisations is that it tends to define its research problems in a way that makes immediate sense to practitioners and administrators. (Silverman, 2007:86) More recently many organisations have started recognising the merits of using qualitative research methods to undertake research in the organisation. Qualitative research methods enable a thorough scrutiny of the researched topic which is not possible in quantitative research. Even within qualitative research, the researcher is provided with a vast range of options and opportunities for exploring diverse issues within the area of organisational research. What are the different methods used to adopt qualitative research? The most commonly known and most used method of qualitative research is ethnography which had its origins in social anthropology, with particular reference to the study of the culture of social groups and societies. The culture of a social group is made up of these complex networks of meaning and the key task of ethnography is to develop an interpretation and understanding of culture. (Thorpe and Holt, 2008) Ethnography can be described as a longitudinal research method that is often associated with participant observation, but can also draw on other research approaches such as contextual and historic analysis of secondary data published by or on the group being studied. The ethnographic approach to developing an in-depth understanding of peoples behaviour makes it well suited to studying organisations. (Marshan-Piekkari and Welch, 2004) But It bends reality considerably to imply that ethnography is today the main method of qualitative research and that observational material is the main data source. This is hardly surprising given the plethora of materials that invite our attention. These extend beyond what we can observe with our own eyes to what we can hear and see on recordings, what we can read in paper documents and electronically download on the internet, to what we can derive by asking questions in interviews or by providing various stimuli to focus groups. (Silverman, 2007:37) Grounded theory research, discourse analysis, deconstruction, content analysis, narrative method, action research (Humphreys, 2006), participatory enquiry, participant observation (Denzin and Lincoln, 2000), autoethnography, interviewing are just a few of the current approaches to qualitative data collection and analysis. All these methods are appropriately used in different forms of organisational research. I will be looking at autoethnography, grounded theory research, critical discourse analysis and the narrative approach towards qualitative research and will study the use of these methods in conducting organisational research. Autoethnography Ethnographers have started undertaking the observation of participation where they reflect on and critically engage with their own participation within the ethnographic frame thus giving birth to autoethnography. (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005:467) Karra and Philips have defined autoethnography as, the generation of theoretically relevant descriptions of a group to which one belongs based on a structured analysis of ones experiences and the experiences of others from ones groupIt is an attempt to produce sense from ones experience of a group that can be set down in a text and shared with interested others. It does not mean that the researcher studies only himself or herself, but that the researcher is an insider who can draw upon personal experience, cultural competence, and linguistic resources to frame and shape research in a way that an outsider cannot. (Karra and Phillips, 2008:547) Autoethnography has been very efficiently used by Karra and Phillips, in their article about internatio nal management researchers conducting studies in their own cultural context. They say that, autoethnography provides a methodological frame for understanding and managing their research. Even more importantly, it acts to sensitize the researcher to the importance of carefully managing the complex dynamics of this form of cross-cultural research including questions of authorial voice, role conflict, and power. (Karra and Phillips, 2008:543) Autoethnographic approaches have four important strengths- ease of access, reduced resource requirements, ease of establishing trust and rapport, and reduced problems with translation- but at the same time pose three important challenges- lack of critical distance, role conflict, and the limits of serendipity. (Karra and Phillips, 2008:541) The strengths of this mode of research are considerable and despite all the criticisms this method of qualitative research has acquired it can be used very successfully in organisational research where the need is to draw upon personal experiences. One of the uses of autoethnography is to allow another persons world of experience to inspire critical reflection on your own. (Ellis and Bochner, 1996:22) Experience is given a lot of importance in organisations and autoethnography enables the researcher and the organisation to use this experience in a positive manner and in a way which can be very beneficial to the organisation and its employees. Grounded Theory Grounded theory, developed by Glaser and Strauss, is a kind of theory generated from the data collected. The methodology refers to a style of conducting qualitative data analysis whose aim is to discover what kinds of concepts and hypotheses are relevant to the area one wishes to understand. Grounded theory, therefore, provides new insights into the understanding of social processes emerging from the context in which they occur, without forcing and adjusting the data to previous theoretical frameworks. (Cassell and Symon, 2004:242) Grounded theory is a method that is more appropriate for some questions than others. It is most suited to efforts to understand the process by which actors construct meaning out of intersubjective experience. Grounded theory should be used in a way that is logically consistent with key assumptions about social reality and how the reality is known. It is less appropriate to use grounded theory when you seek to make knowledge claims about an objective realit y, and more appropriate to do so when you want to make knowledge claims about how individuals interpret reality. (Suddaby, 2006:634) While the grounded theory approach appeared at a time when methods discourse was decidedly modernist, forty years of development reflect he paradigmatic plurality of current qualitative research. (Thorpe and Holt, 2008) The application of grounded theory in organisational research has been gaining popularity in recent times. This is because organisational psychology has been marked by a trend of moving from an individualistic point of view towards a more collective view. Grounded theory has been applied in studies focusing on organisational culture, organisational growth, change and innovation, team work and company survival to name a few. Grounded theory produces descriptions of organisational reality which elicit positive discussions around important themes in the organisation among the employees and, thus, form a basis for positive organisational development trends. (Cassell and Symon, 2004) Critical Discourse Analysis According to Cunliffe, Discourse analysis is a term covering a number of approaches to research that analyze language use. These approaches range from a focus on language itself, to a broader examination of the relationship between language use, social action and social theory. (Thorpe and Holt, 2008:81) Discourse analysis provides a theoretical and methodological framework for exploring the social production of organizational and interorganizational phenomena. (Phillips, Sewell and Jaynes, 2008:1) As a methodology, critical discourse analysis allows for the use of different kinds of methods in specific research projects. However, this kind of research in particular demands the ability to make sense of the linkages between specific textual characteristics and particular discourses on the one hand, and between the discourses and the relevant socio-cultural practices and historical developments on the other. This means that research of this type generally tends to favour in-depth scrut iny of and reflection on specific texts. (Marschan-Piekkari and Welch, 2004) Discourse analysis has become an increasingly popular method for examining the linguistic elements in the construction of social phenomena. It has been increasingly adopted by organization and management scholars interested in the social construction of specific organizational ideas or practices. (Varra, Kleymann and Seristo, 2004:3) There are three important problems facing researchers wishing to adopt a critical discourse perspective in their work. First, like ethnography, discourse analysis results in quite lengthy analyses that are often a poor fit with the requirements of journal editors. Second, discourse analysis often involves major data-management issues because of the volume of data that is often available. Finally, as this is a fairly new are of activity, there are few standard models available to follow. Developing innovative data analysis techniques for each study thus remains a final challenge facing researchers. (Phillips, Sewell and Jaynes, 2008) Narrative Approach According to Oswick, Narratives are an inevitable and unavoidable aspect of social life and, as such, are integral to the processes of managing and organizing. (Thorpe and Holt, 2008:141) Although the narrative approach is one with many merits which are being acknowledged by researchers, it is still a field in the making and is not very commonly used. Researchers new to this field will find a rich but diffuse tradition, multiple methodologies in various stages of development, and plenty of opportunities for exploring new ideas, methods and questions. (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005:651) A recognition that discourse is the principle means by which organization members create a coherent social reality that frames their sense of who they are has led to an increased interest in narrative approaches in organization studies. A narrative approach explicitly recognizes that, in organizations, language is the primary medium of social control and power, and that the analysis of linguistic practices is key to an understanding of how existing social and power relations are reproduced or transformed. (Humphreys and Brown, 2007) In the article, An Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility at Credit Line: A Narrative Approach by Humphreys and Brown (2008), the authors adopted a narrative approach to the analysis of organizational processes in a bank, Credit Line, in order to explore how individuals in a financial institution dealt with relatively novel issues of corporate social responsibility. The authors used narratives to successfully draw attention to the plurivocity of orga nisational life. Use of qualitative research methods to undertake organisational research in a public sector organisation Public sector organisations are those organisations which are managed by the government. The main aim of these organisations is not to make a profit but to provide a service to the people under the government. Some example of public sector organisations are airports, public hospitals, railway stations, government run schools and colleges. Governments nowadays are looking to privatize most of the public sector organisations in order to increase their efficiency and effectiveness. Thus most of the above given examples have now been partially or completely privatised in most countries. Public sector organisations are common grounds for research amongst qualitative researchers. This could be due to the fact that public sector organisations are more easily accessible than the private sector organisations. Many public sector organisations have also started coming up with their own research and development department which undertakes the organisational research. In my opinion participant observation and interviewing together make an ideal combination to undertake organisational research within a public sector organisation or for that matter any organisation. The shortcomings of participant observations are covered by interviewing and vice versa. Thus, the two methods complement each other perfectly. Participant Observation The methodology of participant observation is appropriate for studies of almost every aspect of human existence. Through participant observation, it is possible to describe what goes on, who or what is involved, when and where things happen, how they occur, and why at least from the standpoint of participants things happen as they do in particular situations. (Jorgensen, 1989) Participant observation is one of the most popular ways of conducting fieldwork in an organisation. This is because through observation of the participants going through their daily routine researchers pick up information which they might not have access to in a more formal setting, an example of which is interviews. Participant observation can be of two types. In the first, the identity of the researcher is known to all and the researcher has a choice of forming relationships with the participants or to stand back and eavesdrop. This form of participant observation is ethically correct but the researchers pe rsonal disposition and identity may influence the participants behaviour and this may have an effect on the research material gathered. The second type of participant observation is covert participant observation where the identity of the researcher is hidden. This form of participant observation raises many ethical questions and is just another form of deception. Thus, covert participant observation should be avoided. The researchers ability to build relationships and develop rapport with subjects is crucial in participant observation. The danger here is that the researcher may feel so embedded and sympathetic to the group being studied that interpreting events objectively becomes difficult. Another demerit of participant observation is the time-consuming and open-ended nature of this kind of research which means it often doesnt get done. In a cost-conscious research climate in which specific and often short-term, definitive objectives are required to secure funding, sustained part icipation is a risky strategy. (Thorpe and Holt, 2008) Interviews The qualitative interview can be seen as a conversation with a purpose, where the interviewers aim is to obtain knowledge about the respondents world. (Thorpe and Holt, 2008:118) The goal of any qualitative research interview is to see the research topic from the perspective of the interviewee and to understand how and why they came to have this particular perspective. (Cassell and Symon, 2004) Interviewing is the most popular method of conducting organisational research. The method has three important advantages. Firstly, interviewers allow the researcher to discover new relationships or situations not previously conceived. Secondly, interview based research may be optimal when there is a small population of possible respondents as interviewers offer an opportunity to acquire a richness of information from each respondent. Finally, interviews may allow researchers to develop a deeper rapport with informants which is necessary to gain honest and accurate responses and to add insights that lay the groundwork for larger or follow-up studies. (Marschan-Piekkari and Welch, 2004) But the interviewing method also suffers from three disadvantages. Firstly, developing an interview guide, carrying out interviews and analysing their transcripts, are all highly time-consuming activities for the researchers. Secondly, qualitative interviews are also tiring to carry out as they involve considerable concentration from the interviewer. Thus, no more than three interviews, each of the duration of one hour, should be carried out in a day. Finally, interviews are also time-consuming for the interviewees and this may cause problems in recruiting participants in some organizations and occupations. The latest trends in interviewing have come some distance from structured questions; we have reached the point of the interview as negotiated text. Researchers are not invisible neutral entities; they are a part of the interaction we seek to study. Interviewers are increasingly seen as active participants in an interaction with respondents, and interviewers are seen as negotiated accomplishments of both interviewers and respondents that are shaped by the contexts and situations in which they take place. (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005) Depending on the type of organisational research which the public sector organisation needs to carry out and its goals and aims, either participant observation or interviewing or a combination of both the methods can be used appropriately in acquiring the required research material. Conclusion Thus, I conclude by saying that qualitative research methods have formed a niche for themselves in organisational research. The importance of organisational research is growing day by day and qualitative research methods are now an important part of organisational research. Although many forms of qualitative research make the use of figures and numbers to support a point of discussion, thus incorporating a characteristic of quantitative research methods, they also provide an in depth analysis on the topic of research and use one or more of the methodologies of qualitative research which include participant observation, interviewing, autoethnography, use of secondary data, grounded theory, ethnography, discourse analysis, narratives and rhetorical analysis. In this essay I introduced qualitative research and outlined its increasing importance in organisational research. I followed this up by describing approaches to qualitative research specifically concentrating on autoethnography, grounded theory, critical discourse analysis and the narrative approach, and critically analysing their use in organisational research. Finally, I concentrated on public sector organisations and why I think that participant observation and interviews are the best methods of qualitative research to undertake organisational research in public sector organisations. In doing this I feel that I have justified the use of qualitative research in organisations. References Cassell, C. Symon, G. (2004) Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research. London: Sage Creswell, J.W. (2009) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (Third Edition) Thousand Oaks: Sage Denzin, N.K. Lincoln, Y.S. (2000) Handbook of Qualitative Research (Second Edition). Thousand Oaks: Sage Denzin, N.K. Lincoln, Y.S. (2005) The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research (Third Edition). Thousand Oaks: Sage Ellis, C. and Bochner, A.P. (1996) Composing Ethnography: Alternative Forms of Qualitative Writing. Walnut Creek: Altamira Humphreys, M. (2006) Teaching qualitative research methods: Im beginning to see the light. Qualitative Research in Organisations and Management: An International Journal Vol. 1(3) 173-188 Humphreys, M. and Brown A.D. (2008) An Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility at Credit Line: A Narrative Approach. Journal of Business Ethics Vol. 80 403-418 Jorgensen, D.L. (1989) Participant Observation: A Methodology for Human Studies London: Sage Karra, N. Phillips, N. (2008) Researching Back Home: International Management Research as Autoethnography. Organizational Research Methods Vol. 11(3) 541-561 Marschan-Piekkari, R. and Welch, C. (2004) Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods for International Business. Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Phillips, N., Sewell, G., and Jaynes S., (2008) Applying Critical Discourse Analysis in Strategic Management Research. Organizational Research Methods 1-30 Silverman, D (2007) A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book about Qualitative Research. London: Sage Suddaby, R (2006) From the Editors: What Grounded Theory is Not. Academy of Management Journal Vol. 49(4) 633-642 Thorpe, R. Holt, R. (2008) The Sage Dictionary of Qualitative Management Research. London: Sage Varaa, E., Kleymann, B., Seristo, H. (2004) Strategies as discursive constructions: The case of the airline alliances. Journal of Management Studies Vol. 41(1) 1-35

Karl Poppers Falsifiability Essay -- Scientific Method Science

Karl Popper's Falsifiability Sir Karl Popper's lecture was very thought provoking concerning "where to draw the line." Unlike most people, the validity of the theory was not his concern as much as how that validity is determined. This is an issue that really does not get the attention that it deserves. Popper's claims concerning, "When should a theory be ranked as scientific?" and "Is there a criterion for the scientific character or status of a theory?" seems to be put together in the following summary. At first Popper seems to just be criticizing the integrity of some sciences and/or scientists who nebulously back their vague and general theories with references to observations that may be inconclusive or scanty which they presumably call "scientific method." He cites Freud and Adler's psychological theories, as well as the socio-economic or historical theory or Karl Marx as theories in which "Whatever happens always confirms it." The overarching or oversimplification of these theories which seem to many to be a strength, for Popper was actually a weakness. With theories such as these anything could be interpreted into them (or the theory could be interpreted into the evidece). Thus, Popper came to the conclusion that unless a theory can be proven wrong, it cannot be labeled as scientific. He also claimed that risky predictions should be made and be testable. Also, confirming evidence should not count unless it is an attempt to falsify the theory. Now, Popper's concern the problem of the "logic of science" or the "logical problem of induction." Popper sees induction as having the same basic problem as the overgeneralization principle of the psychological, historic theories, ect. He regards no actual rule of induction ... ...et who is to determine the evidence and theory to determine whether it is ad hoc? More importantly, when interpreting this, no matter who does it, how will you get past induction when interpreting the theory and/or evidence? I seem to hop off the boat when Popper completely throws out induction. Induction may be used loosely, but Popper even quotes Born in saying "valid induction" putting it in the realm of logic (p. 25). I could understand being skeptical of personal inferences, but valid induction seems crucial. This happens to bring up another point. It is the "conjectures: to jump to conclusions--often after one single observation" that he cites as the way science is done (p. 25). Is this not diametrical opposed to his main point that we must be more stringent and not allow people with personal conjectures (like Freud or Marx) to call what they did science? Karl Popper's Falsifiability Essay -- Scientific Method Science Karl Popper's Falsifiability Sir Karl Popper's lecture was very thought provoking concerning "where to draw the line." Unlike most people, the validity of the theory was not his concern as much as how that validity is determined. This is an issue that really does not get the attention that it deserves. Popper's claims concerning, "When should a theory be ranked as scientific?" and "Is there a criterion for the scientific character or status of a theory?" seems to be put together in the following summary. At first Popper seems to just be criticizing the integrity of some sciences and/or scientists who nebulously back their vague and general theories with references to observations that may be inconclusive or scanty which they presumably call "scientific method." He cites Freud and Adler's psychological theories, as well as the socio-economic or historical theory or Karl Marx as theories in which "Whatever happens always confirms it." The overarching or oversimplification of these theories which seem to many to be a strength, for Popper was actually a weakness. With theories such as these anything could be interpreted into them (or the theory could be interpreted into the evidece). Thus, Popper came to the conclusion that unless a theory can be proven wrong, it cannot be labeled as scientific. He also claimed that risky predictions should be made and be testable. Also, confirming evidence should not count unless it is an attempt to falsify the theory. Now, Popper's concern the problem of the "logic of science" or the "logical problem of induction." Popper sees induction as having the same basic problem as the overgeneralization principle of the psychological, historic theories, ect. He regards no actual rule of induction ... ...et who is to determine the evidence and theory to determine whether it is ad hoc? More importantly, when interpreting this, no matter who does it, how will you get past induction when interpreting the theory and/or evidence? I seem to hop off the boat when Popper completely throws out induction. Induction may be used loosely, but Popper even quotes Born in saying "valid induction" putting it in the realm of logic (p. 25). I could understand being skeptical of personal inferences, but valid induction seems crucial. This happens to bring up another point. It is the "conjectures: to jump to conclusions--often after one single observation" that he cites as the way science is done (p. 25). Is this not diametrical opposed to his main point that we must be more stringent and not allow people with personal conjectures (like Freud or Marx) to call what they did science?

Great Soliloquies of Shakespeare †Research Methods Assignmnet Essay

Academically Shakespeare has created some of the most well-known works, literature, and characters in our field, one such example of a character whose existence resembles that of a double-edged sword to critics is Hamlet and his famous verse â€Å"To Be or not to Be: That is The Question†. This lead to research delving into the idea of Shakespeare’s characters being considered as so ‘human’ that they also communicate with their conscience through their soliloquies. Therefore how does one distinguish between a character’s persona among other characters and the character’s inner persona often labeled as the Conscience? In the opening part of his book Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human, Harold Bloom, who had taught the subject of Shakespeare and Shakespearean Literature and Performance at Yale for a long time, recommends that before Shakespeare, the characters in plays would unravel however not really expand and grow. On the off chance that a character simply expands, we already guess that we definitely know everything there is to know about them when they initially are showcased in front of an audience on stage or in the pages of a book. Their creators have denied them of the one element that would make them intriguing: the limit with regards to self-analyzing that may uncover something surprising to us readers as well as to the characters themselves. They show us little since they can’t bewilder us in any way, basically on the grounds that they can’t amaze themselves. This might be the present reality similar to the scholar who leaves an information session and thinks to himself , â€Å"Nothing I haven’t heard before,† and afterward says to themselves, â€Å"I figure I am what I am!† or â€Å"I have my way of doing things, and some people like it and some people don’t.† Shakespeare does not let us free so easily though. He insinuates to us that we are not just who we say we are, but rather are comprised of many clashing and obscuring parts. As Bloom claims, Shakespeare’s characters grow due to the fact that they can hear themselves talk, either to themselves or to other characters, and are in this way ready to re-examine themselves. By supplying his characters with elaborate inner worlds, Shakespeare treats us, 400 years ahead of Freud, to expert presentations of what to the academic ear sounds especially like self-revelation. There isn’t just one single Hamlet yet numerous. Subsequent to learning of his Father’s sudden death, he finds (in Soliloquies) that he can’t stand to stay as he is at that moment in time. He is so torn by his internal struggles of conscience that he considers, in maybe the most well-known discourse in all writing, the advantages and disadvantages of suicide (â€Å"To Be or Not To Be: THAT is the Q uestion.†). Shakespeare indicates to us through Hamlet and numerous other characters not just the sine qua non of human growth — that with a specific end goal to change ourselves we should first discover our true selves — yet also what that improvement sounds like, resembles, and feels like. He demonstrates to us that it is the moment when Hamlet is so close to falling into despair and spiraling out of control that he finally finds himself. In similar ways, the young Prince Hal, in Henry IV, Part 2, on getting the Throne, neglects his then friends (â€Å"Presume not that I am the thing I was†) and starts his Incredible change from degenerate ruler to King Henry V, Hero of Agincourt. *** In order to explore the theme of Consciousness in Shakespearean characters, one must first delve into the idea of what Consciousness is. Kant speaks of his Theory of Mind and Consciousness with regards to the concept of Apperception: â€Å"The most central and specifically Kantian concept of consciousness is that of apperception. It is argued that ‘apperception’ is not to be understood as self-consciousness or self-awareness. Rather, apperception is a capacity to be aware of one’s spontaneous activities, and it can be further analyzed as the ability to respond to rules and norms.† Therefore, ‘apperception’ assumes a focal part in Kant’s hypothetical reasoning as well as in his hypothesis. ‘Inward sense’ is another focal idea for Kant. In the primary studies and later works, Kant distinguishes the differences between apperception and inward sense: the inward sense is the awareness of what happens inside the brain instead of a pperception, which is the awareness of one’s exercises. These two ideas of awareness, ‘inward sense’ and ‘apperception’, produce two altogether different questions concerning the connection between cognizance and nature. From one viewpoint, there is the subject of how inward or mental nature is identified with physical nature; then again, there is the topic of how suddenness is identified with the entire of nature, internal nature and in addition external. So how does this apply itself to works such as Hamlet? Hamlet is riddled with inward and outward conflicts, which ultimately forges his path to his end. The internal clash experienced in Hamlet lies in the mental disgruntlement of the play’s main character, Hamlet himself. At an inside level, Hamlet is by all accounts postponing his vengeance since he is ‘divided’ by his mother’s treachery of his deceased father and her marriage to Claudius, which is a constant distraction to him. This inward distraction is inconsistent with the apparition’s request for retaliation. Tabassum Javed in â€Å"Perfect Idealism in Shakespeare’s Prince Hamlet† attributes Hamlet’s internal struggles to a conflict between his own despondency and the ghost’s insistence for retribution. Javed states, â€Å"He can save himself and Denmark by killing Claudius, but to kill Claudius is to act out his father’s wish and the disaster for Hamlet is that this course of action perfectly coincides with the solution of his own problem. Hamlet is torn between two courses of action, both equally painful† (327). To this reality, Hamlet’s inward distraction lies mainly with the connection between his mother and uncle. The principal line he expresses is, â€Å"a little more kin and less than kind† (Shakespeare I.2.65). Hamlet battles with the idea that his mother Gertrude could double-cross his father. The double-crossing of his father weighs heavily on Hamlet’s mind since he doesn’t know how to manage his subdued emotions about his mother and his own particular oedipal bitterness towards his father. Likewise, the mental stun of losing his father is expanded by an apparent disloyalty to the sacredness of marriage and family ties. Kawsar Uddin condenses Freudian investigations of Hamlet’s parental relationship expressing, â€Å"Hamlet in his unconscious had an incestuous desire for his mother and had a murderous desire towards his father† (695). In the conversation that takes place in Act 1 Scene 2, where his mother, Gertrude, questions Hamlet’s despondency his psychological state and inner conflict become very obvious and apparent; â€Å"If it is, why seems it so particular with thee? †¦ Seems, madam? Nay, it is. I know not ‘seems’ †¦ Together with all forms, moods, shapes of grief, †¦ That can denote me truly†¦ These indeed ‘seem,’†¦ For they are actions that a man might play†¦ But I have that within which passeth show, These but the trappings and the suits of woe† (line 74– 85). Hamlet communicates his actual mental anguish to his mother and is by all accounts shocked at her indifference and lack of dejection for her deceased husband. Hamlet’s issues with his mother turn into an internal whirlwind that pushes the story forward. Sandra Young discusses the idea of Hamlet suffering from a severe form of the Oedipus Complex in her essay â€Å"Recognising Hamlet.† Young contends, â€Å"â€Å"Oedipus offers an explanation for this vigorous Hamlet’s indecision in the matter of avenging his father’s death — he can’t kill the usurping Claudius because he unconsciously identifies with him† (14). The possibility that Hamlet immediately detests his uncle for killing his dad yet in the meantime is envious in an oedipal framework strikes at the heart of the internal anguish that Hamlet is experiencing from the absolute starting point of the play. After an encounter with his uncle and mom, he states, â€Å"Fie on ’t , ah fie!. Things rank and gross in nature possess it merely†¦ So loving to my mother is it her face too roughly!† (Act I, Scene 2, Lines 135– 141). He attests that the garden (his family) isn’t being kept and growing rampant and wild. He doesn’t express his discontent towards his mom however holds it inside enabling it to rot and push aside all forms of logic from his mind. The topic of birth-right to Hamlet isn’t just about taking his father’s place, but also the overthrow of his father’s powerful position on the throne with respect to his mother. It is this internal battle characterised by Hamlet’s delay of his father’s retaliation that enlightens the gathering of people into his inward battle. Javed clarifies, â€Å"Hamlet could be a man of decisive action, capable of anything — except the avenging of acts, his conscience intuited, that was in keeping with his own repressed desires†. This inward hesitancy between his deep-seeded hatred for his uncle who killed his father yet at the same time profound respect for doing what he may have wanted himself is indicated at in the content as he doubts the apparition of his father. At the point when the king’s ghost uncovers the killer, Hamlet asks, â€Å"O my prophetic soul! Mine uncle?† (Act I, Scene 5, line 41). Hamlet all of a sudden wavers to believe — and later act — when a couple of minutes before he was excitedly expressing how eager he was to exact his revenge in the name of the late king of Denmark. (Act I, Scene 5, line 29– 31). The give and take occurring inside Hamlet’s mind is quite substantial. His uncle and mother’s depraved relationship is despicable to him, as we have talked about beforehand and, yet, with regards to his uncle and exacting his vengeance on him, Hamlet can’t force himself to act, even leading him to muse over the idea of suicide in hi s epic soliloquy; â€Å"To be or Not To be, that is the Question†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Act 3, Scene I, Line 57-92). The mental clash moves the powers of Hamlet and this play along and gives a vehicle to the plot to come to fruition internally and also, as we will see, outwardly. Hamlet has the essential components to build up the anguish inside yet additionally demonstrates that Shakespeare understands the many-sided quality of legitimate frameworks and the give and take of political power and position. At the core of the play the external clash circles around the topic of the crown and succession. Michael Taylor in â€Å"The Conflict in Hamlet† outlines this theory in a nutshell; â€Å"The essential conflict in Hamlet, I believe, is that between man as a victim of fate and as controller of his own destiny† (150). The topic of destiny identifies with Hamlet in connection with the Political Position of King. Driven by the ghost’s thirst for revenge (as well as his own) Hamlet actually contemplates escaping along with Claudius’ banishment to England. In this play, Shakespeare beautifully harmonizes and balances internal and external clash into his play. The major internal clash is set apart by Hamlet’s subdued wants and his refusal to trust his father’s apparition and later to rapidly retaliate for him. Hamlet, suffering from an almost debilitating oedipal complex, immediately is hollowed against a curbed want for his mother and envy of his uncle. He, who is engrossed continually by — what he describes — as the forbidden idea of his mother’s association with his uncle, harbors wants that he can’t put into words and that at last led him to delay his act of vengeance. In the meantime, the inward associates with the external and the fight for the crown of Denmark turn into the concentration of the outward clash. Dedication to the crown and the implications of who fairly merits the crown can be felt when King Claudius tells Valtemand, â€Å"Farewell, and let your haste commend your duty† (Act I, Scene 2, Line 39). The political play for the crown provides a perfect backdrop for the play, with the outward clash the moves the plot along. In this way, Shakespeare makes a show utilizing both internal and outward clash to connect with audiences that span the centuries. References; Bloom, Harold, â€Å"Hamlet† (New York: Chelsea House, 1990) Brook, Andrew, â€Å"Kant And The Mind† (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) Heinämaa, Sara, and Martina Reuter, â€Å"Psychology And Philosophy† (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009) Javed, Tabassum, â€Å"The Dialogue, V.8, No.3†, Perfect Idealism In Shakespeare’S Prince Hamlet, V. 8 (2013) Young, S, â€Å"Recognising Hamlet†, Shakespeare In Southern Africa, 26 (2014), 13 Zamir, Tzachi, â€Å"Shakespeare’s Hamlet†, 1st edn (Oxford University Press, 2018) Shurgot, Michael W, and Yu Jin Ko, â€Å"Shakespeare’s Sense Of Character† (London: Taylor and Francis, 2016) Talyor, Michael, â€Å"The Conflict In Hamlet†, The Shakespeare Quaterly, 22 (1971)

Ethics in My Life Essays

Ethics in My Life Essays Ethics in My Life Essay Ethics in My Life Essay â€Å"Ethics† in my life. â€Å"Ethics† are many things. Ethics are personal and, at the same time, a very public display of your attitudes and beliefs. Ethics are not: a religion and a political stance. Ethics are also not something that can only be understood by extremely intelligent people. It is because of ethical beliefs that we humans may act differently in different in situations. Ethics can and do change, whether we are with family, at work, at a sports event, with friends, alone, etc. The list is endless. There are a couple of items about ethics that may seem a little confusing. First, some people believe that ethics are legal and binding; however, ethics are not the same as laws. Things that are legal may not be ethical, and things that are ethical may not be legal. For example: it may be illegal to assist a felon, but many people could not stand by and not provide assistance if the person was critically injured and dying. You should also know that in ethics there are no perfect explanation of right and wrong. Ethical values have a tremendous range. That is why it is so important for you to discover your ethical stances. What do you believe and why? It is impossible to teach someone ethics, but you can learn it. In my experience I had a personal situation when I came to the army. The first year of the army is always the hardest because of the moral and physical pressure. The soldiers who were in the army for the second year are the ones who put the new recruits through misery. They give them all the hard and embarrassing work. And during all this experience I felt horrible and brought down, I remember that feeling until this day. The next year when the new recruits arrived, I reminded myself at how bad I felt when I was one of the new guys, so I tried my best to treat all the new recruits the best possible way, because I knew how hard that was. After all this I started to understand the importance of good ethics and now my principle in life is, treat other how you want to be treated. We all have many different moments of embarrassment or bullying which might have happened when we were small or even now, it doesn’t have to be physically it could also be mentally and emotionally, but will we carry this anger around or will we turn this bad situation into a good one and help a friend in need.

Free Essays on Tuberculosis

Speech: Tuberculosis General Purpose: To inform those that don’t know the seriousness of tuberculosis and how not to take it likely because it is contagious. Specific purpose: To let everyone know exactly what is tuberculosis, how is it spreaded , the symptoms, and what they can do prevent it. Introduction: Attention getting material: I’m planning on showing the difference between a unaffected and a affected lung. Which will signify how bad tuberculosis really affects the lungs in the body when it has been affected with the disease. The whole purpose of this attention getter is to get everybody to see how important tuberculosis is and how important to get tested if haven’t done so already. I. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease. A. Over eight million cases of active TB occur in the world each year. B. TB attacks the lungs, but the infection can spread to other organs in the body. II. Tuberculosis is spread from person to person through the air. A. When people with TB in their lungs or throat cough, laugh, sneeze, sing, or even talk, the germs that cause TB may be spread into the air. B. The disease may occur within weeks after the primary infection or it may lie dormant for years before causing disease. III. A person with TB disease may feel perfectly healthy or may only have a Cough from time to time. A. TB comes with several symptoms. 1.cough 2.fever 3.fatigue 4.weight loss 5.coughing up blood 6.night sweats 7.diarrhea 8.chest pain IV. Find out if you’re infected with TB. A. Everyone should be skin tested at least once and know whether their test results is positive or negative.... Free Essays on Tuberculosis Free Essays on Tuberculosis Speech: Tuberculosis General Purpose: To inform those that don’t know the seriousness of tuberculosis and how not to take it likely because it is contagious. Specific purpose: To let everyone know exactly what is tuberculosis, how is it spreaded , the symptoms, and what they can do prevent it. Introduction: Attention getting material: I’m planning on showing the difference between a unaffected and a affected lung. Which will signify how bad tuberculosis really affects the lungs in the body when it has been affected with the disease. The whole purpose of this attention getter is to get everybody to see how important tuberculosis is and how important to get tested if haven’t done so already. I. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease. A. Over eight million cases of active TB occur in the world each year. B. TB attacks the lungs, but the infection can spread to other organs in the body. II. Tuberculosis is spread from person to person through the air. A. When people with TB in their lungs or throat cough, laugh, sneeze, sing, or even talk, the germs that cause TB may be spread into the air. B. The disease may occur within weeks after the primary infection or it may lie dormant for years before causing disease. III. A person with TB disease may feel perfectly healthy or may only have a Cough from time to time. A. TB comes with several symptoms. 1.cough 2.fever 3.fatigue 4.weight loss 5.coughing up blood 6.night sweats 7.diarrhea 8.chest pain IV. Find out if you’re infected with TB. A. Everyone should be skin tested at least once and know whether their test results is positive or negative....

Economics of Organisations TAKE HOME EXAM (For Second Writer) Essay

Economics of Organisations TAKE HOME EXAM (For Second Writer) - Essay Example When there is a team effort like this, you have information problems: it is hard to tell who is shirking. "The essence of the classical firm is identified here as a contractual structure with: 1) joint input production [team efforts]; 2) several input owners [e.g. each laborer owns himself]; 3) one party who is common to all the contracts of the joint inputs [the employer/owner]; 4) who has rights to renegotiate any input's contract independently of contracts with other input owners [e.g. can hire, fire, etc. to reward inputs that contribute more]; 5) who holds the residual claim [i.e. gets the "residual" income; see below]; and 6) who has the right to sell his central contractual residual status [i.e. can sell the company]." In earlier literature regarding the theory of the firm, many argued with Alchian and Demsetz. According to Organizations and Markets.com (2009 p. 1), "The striking insight of Alchian and Dernsetz (1972) and Jensen and Meckling (1976) is in viewing the firm as a set of contracts among factors of production. In effect, the firm is viewed as a team whose members act from self-interest but realize that their destinies depend to some extent on the survival of the team in its competition with other teams." Fama criticizes Alchian and Demsetz, however, for failing to eliminate the entrepreneur from the picture; their theory still includes an employer who, like an entrepreneur, polices shirking because he collects the benefits of doing so." Alchian and Demsetz had their own unique view of the firm. It is presented in the following diagram: Figure 2: Organizational Chart Source: Emerald Insight (2009 p. 1) Their arguments have their good points and their bad points. I do believe authority plays a large role in the success of organization and that too much authority and/or too little authority can certainly bring a firm down, but I also believe that information is way more than valuable to the rise of a firm, and therefore the cost of it is duly justified. I am just not sure at this point which is more important. Perhaps they are of equal importance. One could argue that every little function within an organization could make or break that organization. These are just two points of view that we are presented with. Perhaps a broader spectrum of ideas would help to justify one side or the other of the argument. The ideas would come from multiple departments within the organization instead of a few elite professionals. The broader the spectrum is from which to choose, the better conclusion one can make. References Alchian, AA. Principles of Professional Advancement 1996. Economic Inquiry, Vol. 34. Alchian, AA, JM Buchanan; H Demsetz, A Leijonhufyud, et.al. 1996. Economic Inquiry. Vol. 34. Alchian and Demsetz: Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization 2009. Wikisum. Available at

Analysis of Color Adjustment Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Analysis of Color Adjustment - Movie Review Example Albeit with little variations, they still depict past â€Å"bad† images. The producer also brings to light the continuing identity crisis that continues in American television. He is able to contrast the ideal blacks depicted in sitcoms and sagas with the angrier, harsher ones presented in the news (Riggs et. al. 0:12). In a rather informative and straightforward manner, Marlon draws opinions from producers and stars from notable shows in the history of black television. He occasionally pauses to observe James Baldwin’s literature. Every one of the shows he discusses comes out as a show of both pride and pain. Tim Reid and Diahann Carroll, who were the main actors in popular television series significant in Mr. Riggs’ argument, openly talk about their varied response to â€Å"Amos ‘n’ and Andy†, a television show in which the N.A.A.C.P did say: â€Å"every temperament is either a crook or a clown.†(Riggs et. al. 0:32) As the film progresses, Ms. Carroll opens up about her family being adamant concerning not watching â€Å"Amos ‘n’ Andy.† It is only later that she could see the offensiveness in the show to see its humor (Riggs et. al. 0:25). With the chronological procession of the movie, it depicts Beulah, a jolly black servant who is committed to the white family who employs her. â€Å"That was a maid from Hollywood,† (Riggs et. al. 0:29) Esther, who starred in â€Å"Good Times† quips. In this case, she is referring to the Louse Beavers who was popularly called the grinning actress. She is the one responsible for making Beulah be acceptable to the white viewers. Beulah is black. The film, which debuted at the Anthropology Movie Archives, devoted attention to Nat Cole’s variety show. It signaled the initial non-comedic episodes that that starred black actors, but which was called off due to lack of sponsorship for an entire season.  Ã‚